Many Information Systems (IS) projects experience serious problems that prevent them from meeting schedule, budget, and functionality targets. Managers often escalate their commitment to such projects, plowing ahead with them instead of hitting the pause button to address issues, a process known as project escalation. Due to the increasing pressure to develop systems and bring products to market faster, making decisions that involve time are more important than ever. While time has been studied in the IS domain, the effect of emphasizing time in a project’s name on IS project escalation decisions is not known. In this study, we explore whether a project name that explicitly refers to time can influence escalation decisions, and we examine the underlying mechanism through which that occurs. Sixty-two practitioners participated in a 2x1 factorial design experiment in which the project name was manipulated, but all other project information was identical. We theorize that emphasizing time in the project name can cause selective perception, drawing attention towards the schedule of the project and away from other aspects. Such selective perception can increase the likelihood of escalation of commitment to the schedule of the project when facing quality issues that require deviating from this schedule. We hypothesize that this effect of selective perception on escalation can be both direct and indirect. The results from the experiment support our research model.

Purpose: Glaucoma following penetrating keratoplasty (PK) continues to be a serious problem that may ultimately become sight threatening. Knowledge of the risk factors for development of glaucoma following PK, such as preexisting glaucoma, pseudophakia, aphakia, and previous PK, can limit the occurrence and improve the outcome of the keratoplasty. The management of postkeratoplasty (Post-PK) glaucoma remains controversial with a wide range of treatment modalities available, including newer classes of drugs, laser therapy, filtering surgery with mitomycin C, and implantation of glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs), as well as various cycloablative treatment modalities, including cyclocryotherapy and cyclophotocoagulation (CPC) with noncontact and contact neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd: YAG) laser, a semiconductor diode, and endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP).Methods: A literature search was conducted on the Medline database using the search terms glaucoma, PK, trabeculectomy, GDDs, cyclocryotherapy, Nd: YAG CPC, diode laser CPC, and ECP for the 35-year period between 1975 and 2010. Several articles that were not found by Medline search were cited in the references of other articles. Articles were included because of their subject relevance or were excluded so as to avoid redundancy. Abstracts written in English of non-English-language articles were also reviewed.

The relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Saudi Arabia have always been based on tension, political misunderstandings and on some occasions, a kind of limited dé tente. Presently (early 2019) most researchers employ the term “ cold war” to describe the nature of this relationship. This situation has deteriorated after the Syrian crisis (since 2011), and the reign of King Salman and his son, especially with the arrival of Donald Trump at the White House. By using the neoclassical realism theory, the present paper seeks to explain the question of leading causes of Tehran-Riyadh hostility from an Iranian perspective and prospects that can be drawn for it. The findings suggest that the causes of this hostility can be analyzed at the domestic, regional and transnational levels. As long as Riyadh perceives Iran as a threat to its survival, Trump and Mohammed bin Salman remain in power, Riyadh's internal concerns stay in place, and no strategic shift happens from Saudi side (for example, alliance with Russia), the tension in Tehran-Riyadh relations will continue. The method used by the authors in this research is descriptive-analytic, and it is mostly focused on how Tehran interprets the deep reasons for this hostility.

Tariff policy along agricultural products supply chain has been always a challenge of policymakers of this sector. In this study, different policy formulations of tariff rate on raw material in upstream chains and processed products in downstream chains were investigated. Due to market integration along the chain, a multi-market partial equilibrium model was employed to simulate the scenarios. Our findings show that with 20 percent (40 percent) increases in oilseeds import tariff, the production increases by 169 percent (189 percent) and the import of raw oil decrease by 89 percent (99 percent). Nevertheless, increases in vegetable oil tariff by 20 percent (40 percent) will reduce consumer surpluses by 32 percent (56 percent). Moreover, vegetable oil tariff has avoidable impacts on downstream chains including oilseed and raw oil. According to the study results, it is recommended that cross-cutting impacts of these policies on vegetable oil chain should be considered in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency of market policies.